Hatimin injisuna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen guje wa kwararar ruwa ga masana'antu daban-daban. A fannin ruwa akwaifamfo hatimin inji, hatimin injina na shaft mai juyawa. Kuma a cikin masana'antar mai da iskar gas akwaiharsashi na inji hatimin,Rarraba hatimin injiniya ko busasshen hatimin injiniya na gas. A cikin masana'antun motoci akwai hatimin injiniya na ruwa. Kuma a cikin masana'antar sinadarai akwai hatimin injiniya na mahaɗa (hatimin injiniya mai tayar da hankali) da hatimin injiniya na compressor.
Ya danganta da yanayin amfani daban-daban, yana buƙatar maganin rufewa na inji tare da kayan aiki daban-daban. Akwai nau'ikan kayan aiki da yawa da ake amfani da su a cikinhatimin injina na shaft kamar su hatimin injina na yumbu, hatimin injina na carbon, hatimin injina na silicone carbide,hatimin injina na SSIC daHatimin injina na TC.
Hatimin injina na yumbu
Hatimin injina na yumbu muhimman abubuwa ne a aikace-aikace daban-daban na masana'antu, waɗanda aka tsara don hana zubewar ruwa tsakanin saman biyu, kamar shaft mai juyawa da kuma gida mai tsayawa. Waɗannan hatimin suna da matuƙar daraja saboda juriyarsu ta musamman ta lalacewa, juriyar tsatsa, da kuma ikon jure yanayin zafi mai tsanani.
Babban aikin hatimin injina na yumbu shine kiyaye ingancin kayan aiki ta hanyar hana asarar ruwa ko gurɓatawa. Ana amfani da su a masana'antu da yawa, ciki har da mai da iskar gas, sarrafa sinadarai, sarrafa ruwa, magunguna, da sarrafa abinci. Amfani da waɗannan hatimin ya yaɗuwa ana iya danganta shi da dorewar gininsu; an yi su ne da kayan yumbu na zamani waɗanda ke ba da halayen aiki mafi kyau idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan hatimi.
Hatimin injina na yumbu ya ƙunshi manyan sassa guda biyu: ɗaya fuska ce ta injina (galibi ana yin ta ne da kayan yumbu), ɗayan kuma fuska ce mai juyawa ta injina (wanda aka saba ginawa daga carbon graphite). Aikin rufewa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka matse fuskoki biyu tare ta amfani da ƙarfin maɓuɓɓuga, yana ƙirƙirar shinge mai tasiri daga ɓullar ruwa. Yayin da kayan aikin ke aiki, fim ɗin mai shafawa tsakanin fuskokin rufewa yana rage gogayya da lalacewa yayin da yake riƙe da matsewa mai ƙarfi.
Wani muhimmin abu da ke bambanta hatimin injina na yumbu da sauran nau'ikan shine juriyarsu ga lalacewa. Kayan yumbu suna da kyawawan halaye na tauri wanda ke ba su damar jure yanayin gogewa ba tare da wata babbar illa ba. Wannan yana haifar da hatimin da suka daɗe suna buƙatar maye gurbinsu ko gyara su akai-akai fiye da waɗanda aka yi da kayan da suka yi laushi.
Baya ga juriyar lalacewa, yumbu kuma yana nuna kwanciyar hankali na zafi mai kyau. Suna iya jure yanayin zafi mai yawa ba tare da fuskantar lalacewa ko rasa ingancin rufewa ba. Wannan yana sa su dace da amfani a aikace-aikacen zafi mai yawa inda wasu kayan hatimi na iya lalacewa da wuri.
A ƙarshe, hatimin injina na yumbu suna ba da kyakkyawan jituwa da sinadarai, tare da juriya ga abubuwa daban-daban masu lalata. Wannan ya sa su zama zaɓi mai kyau ga masana'antu waɗanda ke magance sinadarai masu ƙarfi da ruwa mai ƙarfi akai-akai.
Hatimin injina na yumbu suna da mahimmancihatimin sashian tsara su ne don hana zubar ruwa a cikin kayan aikin masana'antu. Abubuwan da suka keɓanta, kamar juriya ga lalacewa, kwanciyar hankali na zafi, da kuma dacewa da sinadarai, sun sa su zama zaɓi mafi kyau ga aikace-aikace daban-daban a cikin masana'antu da yawa.
| kayan zahiri na yumbu | ||||
| Sigar fasaha | naúrar | kashi 95% | 99% | 99.50% |
| Yawan yawa | g/cm3 | 3.7 | 3.88 | 3.9 |
| Tauri | HRA | 85 | 88 | 90 |
| Matsakaicin porosity | % | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.15 |
| Ƙarfin karyewa | MPa | 250 | 310 | 350 |
| Ma'aunin faɗaɗa zafi | 10(-6)/K | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.2 |
| Maida wutar lantarki ta thermal | W/MK | 27.8 | 26.7 | 26 |
Hatimin injinan carbon
Hatimin carbon na injiniya yana da dogon tarihi. Graphite wani nau'in carbon ne na sinadarai. A shekarar 1971, Amurka ta yi nazarin nasarar kayan hatimin graphite mai sassauƙa, wanda ya magance ɓullar bawul ɗin makamashin atomic. Bayan sarrafawa mai zurfi, graphite mai sassauƙa ya zama kyakkyawan kayan hatimi, wanda aka yi shi da hatimin carbon daban-daban tare da tasirin abubuwan hatimi. Ana amfani da waɗannan hatimin injiniya na carbon a masana'antar sinadarai, man fetur, da wutar lantarki kamar hatimin ruwa mai zafi.
Saboda ana samar da graphite mai sassauci ta hanyar faɗaɗa graphite mai faɗaɗa bayan zafi mai yawa, adadin sinadarin da ke haɗuwa da juna a cikin graphite mai sassauci ƙanƙanta ne, amma ba gaba ɗaya ba, don haka wanzuwar da kuma abun da ke cikin sinadarin yana da tasiri sosai kan inganci da aikin samfurin.
Zaɓin Kayan Fuskar Hatimin Carbon
Wanda ya ƙirƙira na asali ya yi amfani da sinadarin sulfuric acid mai ƙarfi a matsayin sinadarin oxidant da kuma mai haɗa sinadarai. Duk da haka, bayan an shafa shi a kan hatimin wani ƙarfe, an gano cewa ƙaramin adadin sulfur da ya rage a cikin graphite mai sassauƙa yana lalata ƙarfen da aka haɗa bayan amfani da shi na dogon lokaci. Dangane da wannan batu, wasu masana na gida sun yi ƙoƙarin inganta shi, kamar Song Kemin wanda ya zaɓi acetic acid da organic acid maimakon sulfuric acid, a hankali a cikin nitric acid, kuma a rage zafin zuwa zafin ɗaki, wanda aka yi daga cakuda nitric acid da acetic acid. Ta hanyar amfani da cakuda nitric acid da acetic acid a matsayin wakilin sakawa, an shirya graphite mai faɗi wanda ba shi da sulfur tare da potassium permanganate a matsayin oxidant, kuma a hankali aka ƙara acetic acid zuwa nitric acid. Ana rage zafin zuwa zafin ɗaki, kuma ana yin cakuda nitric acid da acetic acid. Sannan ana ƙara flake graphite na halitta da potassium permanganate zuwa wannan cakuda. A lokacin da ake juyawa akai-akai, zafin zai kai digiri 30 a ma'aunin Celsius. Bayan an yi amfani da maganin na minti 40, sai a wanke ruwan ya zama tsaka tsaki sannan a busar da shi a digiri 50 zuwa 60 a ma'aunin Celsius, sannan a yi amfani da graphite mai faɗaɗa bayan an faɗaɗa zafin jiki mai yawa. Wannan hanyar ba ta cimma nasarar faɗuwa ba a ƙarƙashin yanayin da samfurin zai iya kaiwa ga wani adadin faɗaɗawa, don cimma yanayin da ya dace na kayan rufewa.
| Nau'i | M106H | M120H | M106K | M120K | M106F | M120F | M106D | M120D | M254D |
| Alamar kasuwanci | An yi wa ciki da ruwa | An yi wa ciki da ruwa | Phenol da aka yi wa dashen | Antimony Carbon(A) | |||||
| Yawan yawa | 1.75 | 1.7 | 1.75 | 1.7 | 1.75 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
| Ƙarfin Karyewa | 65 | 60 | 67 | 62 | 60 | 55 | 65 | 60 | 55 |
| Ƙarfin Matsi | 200 | 180 | 200 | 180 | 200 | 180 | 220 | 220 | 210 |
| Tauri | 85 | 80 | 90 | 85 | 85 | 80 | 90 | 90 | 65 |
| Porosity | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1.5 | <1.5 | <1.5 |
| Yanayin zafi | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 400 | 400 | 450 |
Hatimin injina na silicon Carbide
Ana kuma kiran silicon carbide (SiC) da carborundum, wanda aka yi da yashi quartz, petroleum coke (ko coke na kwal), guntun itace (wanda ake buƙatar a ƙara shi lokacin samar da silicon carbide kore) da sauransu. Silicon carbide kuma yana da ma'adinai mai wuya a yanayi, mulberry. A cikin kayan zamani na C, N, B da sauran kayan da ba su da oxide masu ƙarfi, silicon carbide yana ɗaya daga cikin kayan da aka fi amfani da su kuma masu araha, waɗanda za a iya kiransu yashi na ƙarfe na zinare ko yashi mai ƙarfi. A halin yanzu, samar da silicon carbide a masana'antar China an raba shi zuwa baƙin silicon carbide da kore silicon carbide, duka biyun lu'ulu'u ne masu siffar hexagonal tare da rabon 3.20 ~ 3.25 da kuma ƙaramin ƙarfi na 2840 ~ 3320kg/m²
Ana rarraba kayayyakin silicon carbide zuwa nau'uka daban-daban bisa ga yanayin aikace-aikace daban-daban. Galibi ana amfani da shi ta hanyar injiniya. Misali, silicon carbide abu ne mai kyau don hatimin silicon carbide na injiniya saboda kyakkyawan juriyarsa ga lalata sinadarai, ƙarfi mai yawa, tauri mai yawa, juriya mai kyau ga lalacewa, ƙaramin haɗin gogayya da juriyar zafin jiki mai yawa.
Za a iya raba zoben hatimin SIC zuwa zobe mai motsi, zoben da ke motsi, zoben lebur da sauransu. Ana iya yin silikon SiC zuwa samfuran carbide daban-daban, kamar zoben rotary na silicon carbide, wurin zama na silicon carbide, bush na silicon carbide, da sauransu, bisa ga buƙatun musamman na abokan ciniki. Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi tare da kayan graphite, kuma ma'aunin gogayyarsa ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da yumbu na alumina da ƙarfe mai tauri, don haka ana iya amfani da shi a cikin ƙimar PV mai girma, musamman a cikin yanayin acid mai ƙarfi da alkali mai ƙarfi.
Rage gogayya ta SIC yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan fa'idodin amfani da shi a cikin hatimin inji. Saboda haka, SIC na iya jure lalacewa da tsagewa fiye da sauran kayan aiki, yana tsawaita rayuwar hatimin. Bugu da ƙari, raguwar gogayya ta SIC yana rage buƙatar shafa man shafawa. Rashin shafa man shafawa yana rage yiwuwar gurɓatawa da tsatsa, yana inganta inganci da aminci.
SIC kuma yana da juriya ga lalacewa. Wannan yana nuna cewa yana iya jure amfani akai-akai ba tare da lalacewa ko karyewa ba. Wannan ya sa ya zama kayan da ya dace don amfani waɗanda ke buƙatar babban matakin aminci da dorewa.
Haka kuma ana iya sake lanƙwasa shi a goge shi don a iya gyara hatimi sau da yawa a tsawon rayuwarsa. Yawanci ana amfani da shi ta hanyar injiniya, kamar a cikin hatimin injiniya saboda kyakkyawan juriyarsa ga lalata sinadarai, ƙarfi mai yawa, tauri mai yawa, juriya mai kyau ga lalacewa, ƙaramin haɗin gogayya da juriyar zafin jiki mai yawa.
Idan aka yi amfani da shi don fuskokin hatimin injiniya, silicon carbide yana haifar da ingantaccen aiki, ƙara tsawon rai na hatimi, ƙarancin farashin kulawa, da ƙarancin farashin aiki na kayan aiki masu juyawa kamar turbines, compressors, da famfunan centrifugal. Silicon carbide na iya samun halaye daban-daban dangane da yadda aka ƙera shi. Ana ƙirƙirar silicon carbide mai haɗin kai ta hanyar haɗa ƙwayoyin silicon carbide da juna a cikin tsarin amsawa.
Wannan tsari ba ya shafar yawancin halayen jiki da na zafi na kayan sosai, duk da haka yana iyakance juriyar sinadaran kayan. Sinadaran da suka fi zama matsala sune caustics (da sauran sinadarai masu yawan pH) da acid masu ƙarfi, don haka bai kamata a yi amfani da silicon carbide mai haɗin kai tare da waɗannan aikace-aikacen ba.
An shigar da sinadarin amsawa cikin ruwasilicon carbide. A cikin irin wannan kayan, ramukan kayan SIC na asali suna cika ta hanyar shiga ta hanyar ƙona silicon na ƙarfe, don haka SiC na biyu yana bayyana kuma kayan yana samun kyawawan halaye na injiniya, yana zama mai jure lalacewa. Saboda ƙarancin raguwarsa, ana iya amfani da shi wajen samar da manyan sassa masu rikitarwa tare da juriya kusa. Duk da haka, abun cikin silicon yana iyakance matsakaicin zafin aiki zuwa 1,350 °C, juriyar sinadarai kuma yana iyakance zuwa kusan pH 10. Ba a ba da shawarar amfani da kayan a cikin yanayin alkaline mai ƙarfi ba.
SinteredAna samun silicon carbide ta hanyar yin simintin siminti mai kyau wanda aka riga aka matse shi a zafin jiki na 2000 °C don samar da haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin ƙwayoyin kayan.
Da farko, layin zai yi kauri, sannan ramukan su su ragu, sannan a ƙarshe haɗin da ke tsakanin sinterin hatsi. A cikin irin wannan aikin, akwai raguwar samfurin sosai - da kusan kashi 20%.
Zoben hatimi na SSIC yana jure wa dukkan sinadarai. Tunda babu silicon na ƙarfe a cikin tsarinsa, ana iya amfani da shi a yanayin zafi har zuwa 1600C ba tare da ya shafi ƙarfinsa ba.
| kadarori | R-SiC | S-SiC |
| Rarrabuwar ƙasa (%) | ≤0.3 | ≤0.2 |
| Yawan yawa (g/cm3) | 3.05 | 3.1~3.15 |
| Tauri | 110~125 (HS) | 2800 (kg/mm2) |
| Modulus Mai Ragewa (GPA) | ≥400 | ≥410 |
| Abubuwan da ke cikin SiC (%) | ≥85% | ≥99% |
| Abubuwan da ke cikin Si (%) | ≤15% | 0.10% |
| Ƙarfin Lanƙwasa (Mpa) | ≥350 | 450 |
| Ƙarfin Matsi (kg/mm2) | ≥2200 | 3900 |
| Ma'aunin faɗaɗa zafi (1/℃) | 4.5×10-6 | 4.3×10-6 |
| Juriyar zafi (a cikin yanayi) (℃) | 1300 | 1600 |
Hatimin injina na TC
Kayan TC suna da siffofi na tauri mai yawa, ƙarfi, juriyar gogewa da juriyar tsatsa. An san shi da "Hakorin Masana'antu". Saboda ingantaccen aikinsa, an yi amfani da shi sosai a masana'antar soja, sararin samaniya, sarrafa injina, aikin ƙarfe, haƙo mai, sadarwa ta lantarki, gine-gine da sauran fannoni. Misali, a cikin famfo, na'urorin compressor da masu tayar da hankali, ana amfani da zoben Tungsten carbide azaman hatimin injiniya. Kyakkyawan juriyar gogewa da babban tauri sun sa ya dace da ƙera sassan da ke jure lalacewa tare da zafin jiki mai yawa, gogayya da tsatsa.
Dangane da sinadaran da ke cikinsa da kuma halayen amfaninsa, ana iya raba TC zuwa rukuni huɗu: tungsten cobalt (YG), tungsten-titanium (YT), tungsten titanium tantalum (YW), da titanium carbide (YN).
An yi amfani da ƙarfe mai tauri na Tungsten cobalt (YG) daga WC da Co. Ya dace da sarrafa kayan da suka lalace kamar ƙarfe mai siminti, ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe da kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba.
An yi amfani da Stellite (YT) wajen haɗa WC, TiC da Co. Saboda ƙara TiC a cikin ƙarfen, juriyar lalacewa ta inganta, amma ƙarfin lanƙwasawa, aikin niƙa da kuma ƙarfin zafi sun ragu. Saboda karyewar sa a ƙarƙashin ƙarancin zafin jiki, ya dace ne kawai don kayan yankewa masu saurin gaske ba don sarrafa kayan da suka karye ba.
Ana ƙara tungsten titanium tantalum (niobium) cobalt (YW) a cikin ƙarfe don ƙara tauri mai zafi, ƙarfi da juriya ga gogewa ta hanyar adadin tantalum carbide ko niobium carbide mai dacewa. A lokaci guda, tauri kuma yana inganta tare da ingantaccen aikin yankewa. Ana amfani da shi galibi don kayan yankewa masu tauri da yankewa lokaci-lokaci.
Ajin tushen titanium mai carbonized (YN) wani ƙarfe ne mai tauri wanda ke da yanayin tauri na TiC, nickel da molybdenum. Fa'idodinsa sune tauri mai yawa, ikon hana haɗuwa, hana lalacewa ta hanyar haske da ikon hana iskar shaka. A zafin jiki sama da digiri 1000, har yanzu ana iya sarrafa shi. Yana aiki ga ci gaba da kammala ƙarfe mai ƙarfe da ƙarfe mai kashe wuta.
| samfurin | Yawan nickel (wt%) | yawa (g/cm²) | taurin kai (HRA) | Ƙarfin lanƙwasawa (≥N/mm²) |
| YN6 | 5.7-6.2 | 14.5-14.9 | 88.5-91.0 | 1800 |
| YN8 | 7.7-8.2 | 14.4-14.8 | 87.5-90.0 | 2000 |
| samfurin | yawan sinadarin cobalt (wt%) | yawa (g/cm²) | taurin kai (HRA) | Ƙarfin lanƙwasawa (≥N/mm²) |
| YG6 | 5.8-6.2 | 14.6-15.0 | 89.5-91.0 | 1800 |
| YG8 | 7.8-8.2 | 14.5-14.9 | 88.0-90.5 | 1980 |
| YG12 | 11.7-12.2 | 13.9-14.5 | 87.5-89.5 | 2400 |
| YG15 | 14.6-15.2 | 13.9-14.2 | 87.5-89.0 | 2480 |
| YG20 | 19.6-20.2 | 13.4-13.7 | 85.5-88.0 | 2650 |
| YG25 | 24.5-25.2 | 12.9-13.2 | 84.5-87.5 | 2850 |